Frankreich stand in der Zwischenkriegszeit nicht nur in Europa unter dem Druck expansiver Diktaturen, sondern auch in Asien. Die Bedrohung durch Japan wurde drängend, als das Kaiserreich ab Juli 1937 China mit Krieg überzog und auch vor der Küste der französischen Kolonie Indochina seine Macht deutlich demonstrierte. Die Bonner Dissertation von Volker Nies untersucht erstmals, was Paris unternahm, um seine Großmachtposition in Ostasien zu behaupten. Frankreich suchte auf zuweilen doppelbödige Art die Nähe zu Japan. Paris ging dabei so weit, wie es die Rücksicht auf die Beziehungen zu den USA und Großbritannien erlaubte, die Japans Aufstieg kritisch sahen. Für Paris war der virtuose Einsatz diplomatischer und militärischer, wirtschaftlicher und geheimdienstlicher Instrumente im Fernen Osten am Ende erfolglos, denn fast zeitgleich mit dem Einmarsch deutscher und italienischer Truppen rückte im Juni 1940 ein japanisches Vorauskommando in Indochina ein.

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Esta investigación aborda uno de los períodos más conflictivos de la historia argentina, los años comprendidos entre los golpes de Estado de 1955, que terminó con el gobierno peronista, y el de 1966, que cortó la breve presidencia de Illia. Lo hace atendiendo a los actores políticos que protagonizaron esa época pero que, por olvido, deliberada omisión o simple desinterés, han quedado marginados de la historiografía argentina: los militantes del Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara. El tema central es la conformación de las identidades políticas de los partícipes de esa experiencia. La hipótesis de trabajo plantea que, desde la caída del peronismo hasta mediados de la década del sesenta, en ciertos sectores del nacionalismo de derecha, se articula, define y redefine una identidad política original, construida sobre dos elementos centrales de la cultura política del período. Por un lado, la militancia, entendida como espacio de expresión de un conjunto heterogéneo de ideas, prácticas y proyectos con un horizonte de cambio político y social más o menos definido, no necesariamente revolucionario si se toma como referencia el pensamiento de la izquierda contemporánea. Por otro, la violencia como vía de resolución de los conflictos políticos, y como única forma de apelación para producir el cambio antes referido.

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Este livro deriva diretamente do amor de um brasileiro pelo Brasil, da solicitude de um americano pela América. Começou no momento indeterminado em que nasceram esses sentimentos; exprime um pouco o desejo de ver esta pátria feliz, próspera, adiantada e livre. Foram esses sentimentos que me arrastaram o espírito para refletir sobre essas coisas, e o fizeram trabalhar essas ideias – o desejo vivo de conhecer os motivos dos males de que nos queixamos todos. Desse modo, as notações, as analogias, as observações, as reflexões se acumularam.[Trecho retirado da advertência do livro]

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"... a diverse and fascinating array of perspectives on the history of Canada's national parks, illuminating many less well-understood aspects of the evolving place of people in and near these parks." - Stephen Bocking, Professor and Chair, Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University When Canada created a Dominion Parks Branch in 1911, it became the first country in the world to establish an agency devoted to managing its national parks. Over the past century this agency, now Parks Canada, has been at the centre of important debates about the place of nature in Canadian nationhood and relationships between Canada's diverse ecosystems and its communities. Today, Parks Canada manages over forty parks and reserves totalling over 200,000 square kilometres and featuring a dazzling variety of landscapes, and is recognized as a global leader in the environmental challenges of protected places. Its history is a rich repository of experience, of lessons learned - critical for making informed decisions about how to sustain the environmental and social health of our national parks. A Century of Parks Canada is published in partnership with NiCHE (Network in Canadian History and Environment; http://niche-canada.org/).

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Geographically, demographically, and politically, South Africa and Canada are two countries that are very far apart. What they have in common are indigenous populations, which, because of their historical and ongoing experience of colonization and dispossession, share a hunger for land and human dignity. Based on extensive research carried out in both countries, A Common Hunger is a comparative work on the history of indigenous land rights in Canada and post-apartheid South Africa. Joan Fairweather has constructed a balanced examination of the impact of land dispossession on the lives of indigenous peoples in both countries and their response to centuries of European domination. By reclaiming rights to the land and an equitable share in the wealth-producing resources they contain, the first peoples of Canada and South Africa are taking important steps to confront the legacies of poverty that characterize many of their communities. A Common Hunger provides historical context to the current land claim process in these two former British colonies and examines the efforts of governments and the courts to ensure that justice is done.

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The Roman occupation of the Iberian northwest led to the emergence of the epigraphic habit, a new practice of cultural communication introduced by the imperial administration and its agents. Local peoples rapidly adopted this trend, which was disseminated through its social elites. As a form of communication, epigraphs were mainly used for both individual and communal celebrations and self-representations. The material that is evidence of this practice, the engraved surfaces with writings on a variety of topics, are today privileged sources that enable us to address the challenges posed by the study of the societies of classical antiquity, despite the fact that they can provide only a fragmentary picture of the world from which they arise. These are the main concerns of this research, which focuses on southern Callaecia. From a starting point of the review of the epigraphic data originating from western Bracarensis, an attempt has been made to clarify its nature, chronology and representativeness, investigating some of the markers of the society that gave life to the territory, settlements and roads they were connected by during Roman rule.

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Gordon W. Smith, PhD, dedicated much of his life to researching Canada's sovereignty in the Arctic. A historian by training, his 1952 dissertation from Columbia University on "The Historical and Legal Background of Canada's Arctic Claims" remains a foundational work on the topic, as does his 1966 chapter "Sovereignty in the North: The Canadian Aspect of an International Problem," in R. St. J. Macdonald's The Arctic Frontier. This work is the first in a project to edit and publish Smith's unpublished opus - a manuscript on "A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North and Related Law of the Sea Problems." Written over three decades (yet incomplete at the time of his death in 2000), this work may well be the most comprehensive study on the nature and importance of the Canadian North in existence. Volume 1: Terrestrial Sovereignty provides the most comprehensive documentation yet available on the post-Confederation history of Canadian sovereignty in the north. As Arctic sovereignty and security issues return to the forefront of public debate, this invaluable resource provides the foundation upon which we may expand our understanding of Canada's claims from the original transfers of the northern territories in 1870 and 1880 through to the late twentieth century. The book provides a wealth of detail, ranging from administrative formation and delineation of the northern territories through to other activities including government expeditions to northern waters, foreign whaling, the Alaska boundary dispute, northern exploration between 1870 and 1918, the background of Canada's sector claim, the question concerning Danish sovereignty over Greenland and its relation to Canadian interests, the Ellesmere Island affair, the activities of American explorers in the Canadian North, and the Eastern Arctic Patrol. The final chapter examines the Eastern Greenland case and its implications for Canada.

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Uma leitura obrigatória não apenas para os que se interessam pela história do Triângulo Mineiro, mas também para os que procuram um modelo de geografia histórica acurada. Em uma abordagem perspicaz, reconstrói geografias do passado, contribuindo para plenamente para o entendimento do processo de produção do território nacional.

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Este livro traz aos leitores uma coletânea de cinquenta textos que revelam episódios e personagens que fizeram parte da história da medicina. Em sua amplitude, são abordados diferentes temas, alguns sob a forma de narrativas destinadas à difusão de assuntos culturais da área médica; outros, por sua vez, expõem o posicionamento do autor a partir de uma análise cuidadosa, como em “O Símbolo da Medicina”, “O Juramento de Hipócrates”, “Curar Algumas Vezes, Aliviar Quase Sempre, Consolar Sempre”, e “Que Relação Tem Júlio César com a Operação Cesariana?”. O poder de crendices é mostrado em textos como “Úlcera Péptica e a Ilusão do Conhecimento”, “O Ato Médico através da História” e “Modismos na História da Medicina”. O título escolhido para obra tem forte relação com o tema proposto, pois, segundo a tradição, foi embaixo de um plátano, na ilha grega de Cós, que Hipócrates ensinou a seus discípulos os preceitos da medicina.

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Este livro conta a história de uma escola de medicina privada que se transformou em universidade pública. Ao longo de 75 anos foi sendo construído um modelo de universidade pública apoiada por entidades de direito privado, sem finalidade econômica. Fruto da pesquisa que reuniu um grupo de professores do curso de História da Unifesp, apresentam-se aqui reflexões de profissionais da área acerca da história da instituição. Debruçar-se sobre um objeto tantas vezes visitado por autores da casa, médicos em sua maioria, requer abertura ao debate e atenção ao cruzamento de memórias. A obra ensaia interpretações sobre a história e a memória institucional, sem considerá-las sinônimos, mas também sem a pretensão de apresentar uma única e acabada verdade.

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The short life of hacker Aaron Swartz, who died by suicide on 11 January 2013, has many incredible aspects. A small computer genius who grew up in a Chicago suburb, he met, as a teenager, scholars of the calibre of Tim Berners-Lee and Lawrence Lessig and worked with them to build the computer architectures, and licences, of the future. In a radical change of life, he will then decide to devote himself to political and technological activism; in the meantime, his talented colleagues are taking advantage of the Silicon Valley wave to get rich. Instead, he will devote his energies, and talent, to fight for open access, secure communications, anonymity, and freeing content and culture from the confines, and paywalls, of big databases. At some point, however, the US government will target him and, slowly, the powerful American judicial machine will crush him. His teaching, his theories, his passion are still today, ten years after his death, an example for many users, hackers and citizens of the information society.

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The collection, first one ever on Aino Kallas in English, highlights her significance to the artistic and intellectual horizons of modernity of Finland and Estonia as well as those of Scandinavia and Europe. In the 1920s and 30s, Aino Kallas became an internationally renowned author and a selection of her work was translated into English. For her, participating in the immediate cultural debates in Estonia and Finland was a priority, yet her whole oeuvre is a negotiation between her more immediate contexts and the leading conceptual frameworks of aesthetics, geniality, knowledge, subjectivity, race, sexuality, nature, etc., circling in Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

Containing articles focusing on the question of female voice and echoes of feminist ecological thought in her fiction, a contrapuntal reading of her fiction and that of Isak Dinesen, her unknown manuscript “Bathseba”, the implications of existentialist thought for her work, Kallas’ engagement in her cultural criticism and life writings with decadent modernism, issues of race and heredity, subjectivity and borders, travel, ageing, her interpretation of Goethe, and the iconography of Kallas, the collection features the work of today’s leading Aino Kallas scholars in Finland and in Estonia.

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The collection, first one ever on Aino Kallas in English, highlights her significance to the artistic and intellectual horizons of modernity of Finland and Estonia as well as those of Scandinavia and Europe. In the 1920s and 30s, Aino Kallas became an internationally renowned author and a selection of her work was translated into English. For her, participating in the immediate cultural debates in Estonia and Finland was a priority, yet her whole oeuvre is a negotiation between her more immediate contexts and the leading conceptual frameworks of aesthetics, geniality, knowledge, subjectivity, race, sexuality, nature, etc., circling in Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

Containing articles focusing on the question of female voice and echoes of feminist ecological thought in her fiction, a contrapuntal reading of her fiction and that of Isak Dinesen, her unknown manuscript “Bathseba”, the implications of existentialist thought for her work, Kallas’ engagement in her cultural criticism and life writings with decadent modernism, issues of race and heredity, subjectivity and borders, travel, ageing, her interpretation of Goethe, and the iconography of Kallas, the collection features the work of today’s leading Aino Kallas scholars in Finland and in Estonia.

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Der Liber de triplici motu ist ein Werk von Alvarus Thomas aus dem Jahr 1509. Das Buch repräsentiert einen letzten Höhepunkt der scholastischen Auseinandersetzung mit der aristotelischen Bewegungslehre vor der Entstehung der klassischen Mechanik, an dem man die entscheidenden Stadien der Transformation des Bewegungsbegriffs seit der Antike studieren kann. Von zukunftsweisender Bedeutung ist darin die mathematische Proportionslehre und die damit verbundene Quantifizierung von naturphilosophischen Qualitäten nach den Methoden der Oxforder Kalkulatoren wie zum Beispiel die Quantifizierung der Geschwindigkeit einer Bewegung. Aus dem Inhalt und der Strukturierung des Werks sowie dem Leben von Alvarus Thomas lassen sich die Zusammenhänge zwischen Formen und Inhalten der Wissensvermittlung und Wissensproduktion, zwischen wissenschaftlicher Forschung und wissenschaftlicher Sozialisation für das frühe 16. Jahrhundert erhellen. Dieser erste Band zu Alvarus Thomas und seinem Liber de triplici motu bietet zudem einen strukturierten Abriss des Werks, einen Glossar zum mathematischen und naturphilosophischen Vokabular sowie weiteres bibliographisches Material. Die Edition Open Sources (EOS) setzt ein neues Paradigma im Verlagswesen im Hinblick auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen von Quellen um. Die herausgegebenen Werke sind in unterschiedlichen Formaten online frei zugänglich, und auch in gedruckter Form erhältlich. EOS-Publikationen behandeln wichtige Originalquellen zur Geschichte und Entwicklung des Wissens, die als Faksimile und bearbeitete Neuausgabe eines Textes, teilweise auch als Übersetzung bereitgestellt und mit einer Einführung in Autor, Werk und Entstehungszeit versehen werden. Bei den Quellen kann es sich um historische Bücher, Manuskripte, Dokumente oder andere Materialien handeln, die ansonsten schwer zugänglich sind. EOS ist eine Zusammenarbeit der University of Oklahoma Libraries, des Department for the History of Science der University of Oklahoma sowie des Max-Planck-Instituts für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.

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Der Liber de triplici motu ist ein Werk von Alvarus Thomas aus dem Jahr 1509. Das Buch repräsentiert einen letzten Höhepunkt der scholastischen Auseinandersetzung mit der aristotelischen Bewegungslehre vor der Entstehung der klassischen Mechanik, an dem man die entscheidenden Stadien der Transformation des Bewegungsbegriffs seit der Antike studieren kann. Von zukunftsweisender Bedeutung ist darin die mathematische Proportionslehre und die damit verbundene Quantifizierung von naturphilosophischen Qualitäten nach den Methoden der Oxforder Kalkulatoren wie zum Beispiel die Quantifizierung der Geschwindigkeit einer Bewegung. Der Liber de triplici motu gilt unter Forschern zur Geschichte der Naturphilosophie und der Mathematik der Frühen Neuzeit wegen seiner ausufernden Abkürzungen als schwer zu lesendes Werk. Dieser zweite Band zu Alvarus Thomas und seinem Liber de triplici motu stellt daher neben einem Faksimile den vollständigen Text in einer überarbeiteten Form zur Verfügung. Die Edition Open Sources (EOS) setzt ein neues Paradigma im Verlagswesen im Hinblick auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen von Quellen um. Die herausgegebenen Werke sind in unterschiedlichen Formaten online frei zugänglich, und auch in gedruckter Form erhältlich. EOS-Publikationen behandeln wichtige Originalquellen zur Geschichte und Entwicklung des Wissens, die als Faksimile und bearbeitete Neuausgabe eines Textes, teilweise auch als Übersetzung bereitgestellt und mit einer Einführung in Autor, Werk und Entstehungszeit versehen werden. Bei den Quellen kann es sich um historische Bücher, Manuskripte, Dokumente oder andere Materialien handeln, die ansonsten schwer zugänglich sind. EOS ist eine Zusammenarbeit der University of Oklahoma Libraries, des Department for the History of Science der University of Oklahoma sowie des Max-Planck-Instituts für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.

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[Neste trabalho] Tenta-se mostrar as formas particulares que o desenvolvimento capitalista assume no devassamento da Amazônia. Analisa-se como o Estado intervém para assegurar as condições para a ocupação e expansão econômica por meio das empresas e como se dá a exploração do trabalho na área [...]

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During the Cold War, American labour organizations were at the centre of the battle for the hearts and minds of working people. At a time when trade unions were a substantial force in both American and European politics, the fiercely anti-communist American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) set a strong example for labour organizations overseas. The AFL–CIO cooperated closely with the US government on foreign policy and enjoyed an intimate, if sometimes strained, relationship with the CIA. The activities of its international staff, and especially the often secretive work of Jay Lovestone and Irving Brown—whose biographies read like characters plucked from a Le Carré novel—exerted a major influence on relationships in Europe and beyond.Having mastered the enormous volume of correspondence and other records generated by staffers Lovestone and Brown, Carew presents a lively and clear account of what has largely been an unknown dimension of the Cold War. In impressive detail, Carew maps the international programs of the AFL–CIO during the Cold War and its relations with labour organizations abroad, in addition to providing a summary of the labour situation of a dozen or more countries including Finland, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Greece, and India. American Labour’s Cold War Abroad reveals how the Cold War compelled trade unionists to reflect on the role of unions in a free society. Yet there was to be no meeting of minds on this, and at the end of the 1960s the AFL–CIO broke with the mainstream of the international labour movement to pursue its own crusade against communism.

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This study focuses on the relationship between nobility and freemasonry from 1750 to 1850. It examines the specific role of an esoteric discourse surrounding the roots of the human race, centring on legendary constructions of noble genealogies in eighteenth century Europe. The aristocratic idea of blood as a type of »liquid memory of virtue« was also found in the freemason lodges frequented by the European nobility of the eighteenth century. Both groups therefore believed in educational systems that used rites, pictures and symbols to imprint the virtues in ones blood and heart respectively. The foundation of this belief – strongly combined with an interest in occult sciences and the existence of an afterlife – can be seen in the antique »art of memory«.The example of an aristocratic lodge in Düsseldorf shows how these ›research interests‹ overlapped within masonic and non-masonic networks of European noblemen and citizens. In the perspective of Rhenish noblemen in the mid of the eighteenth century freemasonry took the role of an educational system that improved the qualities of the noble blood to secure the leading position of nobility in the God-given »Ständegesellschaft«. The aristocratic lodge La Parfaite Amitié therefore was not only dominated by Rhenish noblemen but also by cousinship. As a consequence, it struggled to become a »provincial lodge«, which had a stronger jurisdictional position in comparison with the civil-lodge of Düsseldorf.The second example is the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773– 1861), from the Napoleonic period. Born in the Ancient Regime to an aristocratic familiy of the lower Rhineland, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck faced the extensive changes for the nobility of the Rhineland, caused by the French Revolution and the French occupation of the area. Together with his second wife, the Parisian Salonier Constance de Salm, he became a prominent person in the Napoleonic era. He not only acted as an influential scientist of systematic botany, as a politician and states-man but also as a high-ranking freemason in several rites, especially in the Rit écossais philosophique.This masonic system can be seen as a ›scientific‹ one built upon the traditions of alchemistical and hermetical circles of the Ancient Regime. The Napoleonic period saw the occult sciences increasingly outdated and replaced by modern natural sciences. The methods considered as »exact« in the nineteenth century subsequently formed the perspective of civil dominated societies and its lodges on masonic rites and grades. In the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, the Rit écossais philosophique was crossed with his network as a natural scientist, resulting in masonry being seen not only as an educational system but also as an exact way to uncover the »hidden roots« of the human soul and to assess the respective qualities of it. These tendencies were strongly influenced by the natural sciences outside the masonic sphere, which in parallel tried to uncover the »hidden roots« of the nations with the pseudo-scientific concepts of »race«.The civil lodges of the Napoleonic era and afterwards, with their strong emphasis on the nation, could no longer be seen as a retreat for noble man and their exclusive ideology ofnoble blood. The majority of the Rhenish nobility therefore turned away from the lodges in order to maintain a conservative view of itself in exclusively noble circles which still believed in the quality of the noble blood and its inherited race.

Welche Rolle spielte das »Esoterische« für die Selbstsicht der adlig-bürgerlichen Eliten beim Übergang zur Moderne? Dieser Frage geht die Studie Martin Otto Brauns mit dem Titel »An den Wurzeln der Tugend. Rheinischer Adel und Freimaurerei 1765–1815« nach. Auf der Grundlage der mythischen Geschichtskonstruktionen von Genealogien des rheinischen Adels sowie des Geheimbunds der Freimaurerei zeichnet der Autor die parallel zu den Entwicklungen der Naturwissenschaften verlaufende Transformation der Vorstellung vom tugendhaften »Adel des Blutes« hin zum bürgerlichen »Adel des Intellekts« nach. Die Studie kann dabei zeigen, wie der esoterische Gehalt des frühneuzeitlichen Bildes von Wachstum und Fortschritt des Familienstammbaums sich um 1800 mehr und mehr auf die Konzepte »Nation« und »Volk« im Gesamten ausweitete. Das esoterische Denken hielt sich auf dieser Grundlage bis in die Moderne und sollte vorhandene rassische Vorstellungen adlig-bürgerlicher Eliten der »Sattelzeit« nachhaltig prägen.Martin Otto Braun promovierte im Fach Neuere und Mittelalterliche Geschichte an der Universität zu Köln und war Doktorand in der Forschergruppe »Aufbruch in die Moderne. Der Rheinische Adel in westeuropäischer Perspektive 1750–1850« des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Gudrun Gersmann. Er ist Autor und Mitherausgeber der durch die Fritz Thyssen Stiftung geförderten »Netzbiografie: Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773–1861)«.Er veröffentlicht Beiträge zu seiner Forschung in den Blogs »EsoHist. A blogged history of esotericism and secret societies« (Facebook: EsoHist), »Rheinischer Adel« und »Napoleon auf der Spur«.Webseite: http://uni-koeln.academia.edu/MBraun

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This study focuses on the relationship between nobility and freemasonry from 1750 to 1850. It examines the specific role of an esoteric discourse surrounding the roots of the human race, centring on legendary constructions of noble genealogies in eighteenth century Europe. The aristocratic idea of blood as a type of »liquid memory of virtue« was also found in the freemason lodges frequented by the European nobility of the eighteenth century. Both groups therefore believed in educational systems that used rites, pictures and symbols to imprint the virtues in ones blood and heart respectively. The foundation of this belief – strongly combined with an interest in occult sciences and the existence of an afterlife – can be seen in the antique »art of memory«.The example of an aristocratic lodge in Düsseldorf shows how these ›research interests‹ overlapped within masonic and non-masonic networks of European noblemen and citizens. In the perspective of Rhenish noblemen in the mid of the eighteenth century freemasonry took the role of an educational system that improved the qualities of the noble blood to secure the leading position of nobility in the God-given »Ständegesellschaft«. The aristocratic lodge La Parfaite Amitié therefore was not only dominated by Rhenish noblemen but also by cousinship. As a consequence, it struggled to become a »provincial lodge«, which had a stronger jurisdictional position in comparison with the civil-lodge of Düsseldorf.The second example is the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773– 1861), from the Napoleonic period. Born in the Ancient Regime to an aristocratic familiy of the lower Rhineland, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck faced the extensive changes for the nobility of the Rhineland, caused by the French Revolution and the French occupation of the area. Together with his second wife, the Parisian Salonier Constance de Salm, he became a prominent person in the Napoleonic era. He not only acted as an influential scientist of systematic botany, as a politician and states-man but also as a high-ranking freemason in several rites, especially in the Rit écossais philosophique.This masonic system can be seen as a ›scientific‹ one built upon the traditions of alchemistical and hermetical circles of the Ancient Regime. The Napoleonic period saw the occult sciences increasingly outdated and replaced by modern natural sciences. The methods considered as »exact« in the nineteenth century subsequently formed the perspective of civil dominated societies and its lodges on masonic rites and grades. In the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, the Rit écossais philosophique was crossed with his network as a natural scientist, resulting in masonry being seen not only as an educational system but also as an exact way to uncover the »hidden roots« of the human soul and to assess the respective qualities of it. These tendencies were strongly influenced by the natural sciences outside the masonic sphere, which in parallel tried to uncover the »hidden roots« of the nations with the pseudo-scientific concepts of »race«.The civil lodges of the Napoleonic era and afterwards, with their strong emphasis on the nation, could no longer be seen as a retreat for noble man and their exclusive ideology ofnoble blood. The majority of the Rhenish nobility therefore turned away from the lodges in order to maintain a conservative view of itself in exclusively noble circles which still believed in the quality of the noble blood and its inherited race.

Welche Rolle spielte das »Esoterische« für die Selbstsicht der adlig-bürgerlichen Eliten beim Übergang zur Moderne? Dieser Frage geht die Studie Martin Otto Brauns mit dem Titel »An den Wurzeln der Tugend. Rheinischer Adel und Freimaurerei 1765–1815« nach. Auf der Grundlage der mythischen Geschichtskonstruktionen von Genealogien des rheinischen Adels sowie des Geheimbunds der Freimaurerei zeichnet der Autor die parallel zu den Entwicklungen der Naturwissenschaften verlaufende Transformation der Vorstellung vom tugendhaften »Adel des Blutes« hin zum bürgerlichen »Adel des Intellekts« nach. Die Studie kann dabei zeigen, wie der esoterische Gehalt des frühneuzeitlichen Bildes von Wachstum und Fortschritt des Familienstammbaums sich um 1800 mehr und mehr auf die Konzepte »Nation« und »Volk« im Gesamten ausweitete. Das esoterische Denken hielt sich auf dieser Grundlage bis in die Moderne und sollte vorhandene rassische Vorstellungen adlig-bürgerlicher Eliten der »Sattelzeit« nachhaltig prägen.Martin Otto Braun promovierte im Fach Neuere und Mittelalterliche Geschichte an der Universität zu Köln und war Doktorand in der Forschergruppe »Aufbruch in die Moderne. Der Rheinische Adel in westeuropäischer Perspektive 1750–1850« des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Gudrun Gersmann. Er ist Autor und Mitherausgeber der durch die Fritz Thyssen Stiftung geförderten »Netzbiografie: Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773–1861)«.Er veröffentlicht Beiträge zu seiner Forschung in den Blogs »EsoHist. A blogged history of esotericism and secret societies« (Facebook: EsoHist), »Rheinischer Adel« und »Napoleon auf der Spur«.Webseite: http://uni-koeln.academia.edu/MBraun

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This study focuses on the relationship between nobility and freemasonry from 1750 to 1850. It examines the specific role of an esoteric discourse surrounding the roots of the human race, centring on legendary constructions of noble genealogies in eighteenth century Europe. The aristocratic idea of blood as a type of »liquid memory of virtue« was also found in the freemason lodges frequented by the European nobility of the eighteenth century. Both groups therefore believed in educational systems that used rites, pictures and symbols to imprint the virtues in ones blood and heart respectively. The foundation of this belief – strongly combined with an interest in occult sciences and the existence of an afterlife – can be seen in the antique »art of memory«.The example of an aristocratic lodge in Düsseldorf shows how these ›research interests‹ overlapped within masonic and non-masonic networks of European noblemen and citizens. In the perspective of Rhenish noblemen in the mid of the eighteenth century freemasonry took the role of an educational system that improved the qualities of the noble blood to secure the leading position of nobility in the God-given »Ständegesellschaft«. The aristocratic lodge La Parfaite Amitié therefore was not only dominated by Rhenish noblemen but also by cousinship. As a consequence, it struggled to become a »provincial lodge«, which had a stronger jurisdictional position in comparison with the civil-lodge of Düsseldorf.The second example is the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773– 1861), from the Napoleonic period. Born in the Ancient Regime to an aristocratic familiy of the lower Rhineland, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck faced the extensive changes for the nobility of the Rhineland, caused by the French Revolution and the French occupation of the area. Together with his second wife, the Parisian Salonier Constance de Salm, he became a prominent person in the Napoleonic era. He not only acted as an influential scientist of systematic botany, as a politician and states-man but also as a high-ranking freemason in several rites, especially in the Rit écossais philosophique.This masonic system can be seen as a ›scientific‹ one built upon the traditions of alchemistical and hermetical circles of the Ancient Regime. The Napoleonic period saw the occult sciences increasingly outdated and replaced by modern natural sciences. The methods considered as »exact« in the nineteenth century subsequently formed the perspective of civil dominated societies and its lodges on masonic rites and grades. In the masonic network of Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, the Rit écossais philosophique was crossed with his network as a natural scientist, resulting in masonry being seen not only as an educational system but also as an exact way to uncover the »hidden roots« of the human soul and to assess the respective qualities of it. These tendencies were strongly influenced by the natural sciences outside the masonic sphere, which in parallel tried to uncover the »hidden roots« of the nations with the pseudo-scientific concepts of »race«.The civil lodges of the Napoleonic era and afterwards, with their strong emphasis on the nation, could no longer be seen as a retreat for noble man and their exclusive ideology ofnoble blood. The majority of the Rhenish nobility therefore turned away from the lodges in order to maintain a conservative view of itself in exclusively noble circles which still believed in the quality of the noble blood and its inherited race.

Welche Rolle spielte das »Esoterische« für die Selbstsicht der adlig-bürgerlichen Eliten beim Übergang zur Moderne? Dieser Frage geht die Studie Martin Otto Brauns mit dem Titel »An den Wurzeln der Tugend. Rheinischer Adel und Freimaurerei 1765–1815« nach. Auf der Grundlage der mythischen Geschichtskonstruktionen von Genealogien des rheinischen Adels sowie des Geheimbunds der Freimaurerei zeichnet der Autor die parallel zu den Entwicklungen der Naturwissenschaften verlaufende Transformation der Vorstellung vom tugendhaften »Adel des Blutes« hin zum bürgerlichen »Adel des Intellekts« nach. Die Studie kann dabei zeigen, wie der esoterische Gehalt des frühneuzeitlichen Bildes von Wachstum und Fortschritt des Familienstammbaums sich um 1800 mehr und mehr auf die Konzepte »Nation« und »Volk« im Gesamten ausweitete. Das esoterische Denken hielt sich auf dieser Grundlage bis in die Moderne und sollte vorhandene rassische Vorstellungen adlig-bürgerlicher Eliten der »Sattelzeit« nachhaltig prägen.Martin Otto Braun promovierte im Fach Neuere und Mittelalterliche Geschichte an der Universität zu Köln und war Doktorand in der Forschergruppe »Aufbruch in die Moderne. Der Rheinische Adel in westeuropäischer Perspektive 1750–1850« des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Gudrun Gersmann. Er ist Autor und Mitherausgeber der durch die Fritz Thyssen Stiftung geförderten »Netzbiografie: Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773–1861)«.Er veröffentlicht Beiträge zu seiner Forschung in den Blogs »EsoHist. A blogged history of esotericism and secret societies« (Facebook: EsoHist), »Rheinischer Adel« und »Napoleon auf der Spur«.Webseite: http://uni-koeln.academia.edu/MBraun

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In 1670, the ancient homeland of the Cree and Ojibwe people of Hudson Bay became known to the English entrepreneurs of the Hudson’s Bay Company as Rupert’s Land, after the founder and absentee landlord, Prince Rupert. For four decades, Jennifer S. H. Brown has examined the complex relationships that developed among the newcomers and the Algonquian communities—who hosted and tolerated the fur traders—and later, the missionaries, anthropologists, and others who found their way into Indigenous lives and territories. The eighteen essays gathered in this book explore Brown’s investigations into the surprising range of interactions among Indigenous people and newcomers as they met or observed one another from a distance, and as they competed, compromised, and rejected or adapted to change.While diverse in their subject matter, the essays have thematic unity in their focus on the old HBC territory and its peoples from the 1600s to the present. More than an anthology, the chapters of An Ethnohistorian in Rupert’s Land provide examples of Brown’s exceptional skill in the close study of texts, including oral documents, images, artifacts, and other cultural expressions. The volume as a whole represents the scholarly evolution of one of the leading ethnohistorians in Canada and the United States.

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André François-Poncet war von 1931 bis 1938 als Botschafter Frankreichs in Berlin. Er sah nicht nur die Weimarer Republik untergehen, sondern auch das Dritte Reich heraufziehen. Der Diplomat war mit allen Fragen der internationalen Politik der Zwischenkriegszeit konfrontiert: Sollten Deutschland die Reparationen erlassen und eine Aufrüstung erlaubt werden? Wie sollte auf Reichskanzler Hitler reagiert werden? Sollte mit ihm die Zusammenarbeit oder die Auseinandersetzung gesucht werden? Sollten seine Vertragsbrüche mit politischen und/oder wirtschaftlichen Sanktionen beantwortet oder gar zu einer Intervention geschritten werden? Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt die unterschiedlichen Antworten, die André François-Poncet auf diese Fragen gab. Sie waren keineswegs so eindeutig wie der Botschafter nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und auch die bisherige Forschung glauben machen wollten. André François-Poncet schwankte bis zu seinem Rücktritt nach der Konferenz von München zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation mit Deutschland. Wann er warum wofür plädierte, zeigt die Studie, die die erste Lebenshälfte des legendären Botschafters aus dem Dunkel der Geschichte holt.

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O livro traz reflexões unindo questões sociais, da saúde e da nutrição. Na primeira parte, apresenta uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a área da antropologia e da nutrição. Na segunda parte, abordam-se os paradoxos e repercussões das transformações sociais e da internacionalização da economia na cultura alimentar. A terceira parte dedica-se à alimentação tal como ela se configura hoje nos diferentes espaços, privados e públicos, dos contextos urbanos e diante das transformações sociais ocorridas no país nos últimos 35 anos.

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Remotely sensed data from either air- or spaceborne platforms are often leveraged for archaeological or more general cultural heritage goals. However, despite the steady developments in remote sensing technology over the past three decades, the thoughtful integration of data sources and methods into theoretically aware archaeological practice remains relatively underdeveloped. This volume contains nine contributions which, each in their way, address different theoretical dislocations and practical shortcomings in the use of remote sensing products within archaeological practice. These contributions provide the reader with food for thought on these challenges, and so contribute to archaeological remote sensing as a more mature interdisciplinary field characterised by explicit, thoughtful, and theoretically engaged approaches to understanding the past.

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This Portuguese contribution to the debate on the concept of “Empire” brings together 17 essays covering various areas and periods across Antiquity. Biblical sources allow us to structure various categories and organize their related meanings as valuable paths to inform our understating of the idea of “Empire”. Egypt first serves as the opportunity to inquire the usefulness of “Empire” as a concept within the larger discussion of periodization in History, as well as the scope and limitations of its definitions, as the observed political dissolution in the Late New Kingdom shows. Regarding Ancient “Mesopotamian Empires”, the first “Empire” is usually attributed to the political formulas brought forth by the dynasty of Akkad, which emerged before the hegemony of Babylon. The underlying ideology to Hammurabi’s social and military policies through two crucial moments in Babylonian History provides the ground to analyze the emergence of its first hegemony: the war with Elam and the expedition to the Kingdom of Larsa. Approaches to the Anatolian and the Phoenician/Syrian-Palestinian territories follow a methodology focused on myth and religious narratives and the traces of political realities found there, as well as a reflection on the validity of “imperialism” when applied to the Phoenician colonial world. Later Mesopotamian imperial formulas are analyzed within the context of violence, military and ritual: on Jeremias and the rationale for a heavenly justified submission of Judah to the so-called “Neo-Babylonian Empire”; on Nabonidus, the last king of this dynasty; and on the diverging behavior of both Nabonidus and Cyrus to the cult of Marduk. Herodotus, a privileged source for the classical perception of eastern formulas, displays the Persian Empire as the background for different Greek political proposals at play (famously in 3.80-82), and informs us of the queenship and the queens of Ancient Persia. Moreover, the role and status of women in Hellenistic societies is further examined, most notably in its relations to power. The last four essays propose a conceptual genealogy for the idea of imperium through the Roman World: from the representation Ancient Historiography creates of the processes structuring Roman “imperialism” and their agents; the interpretation Suetonius proposes of imperial power and how it ought to be used; to the validity of a certain notion of “globalization” applied to the Late Roman expanse.

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Ten years have passed since the nuclear accident occurred in Fukushima, Japan, following the Great East Japan earthquake. Thereafter, many people around the world have been concerned about the risks posed by radiation. They still believe that even a small amount of radiation exposure will affect human health. In reality, however, there are many natural radionuclides in the environment, which emit a variety of types of radiation. Although it is well known that there is a positively linear relationship between acute radiation exposure and cancer risk in atomic bomb survivors, the risk of chronic radiation exposure due to natural radionuclides cannot be well explained to people who have lived in high-background radiation areas for many generations. Therefore, more studies in this research field are required to obtain new scientific findings. In order to promote further scientific activities, it will be the best for us to understand the current status of this field by summarizing what we have apprehended so far. This Special Issue will highlight measurement data, methodologies, radiation biology, and risk assessment related to radiation.

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This is a story of a girl's construction of her identity, and of her family’s search for a place in the world, for the Heimat that is so resonant for those of German background. We follow Helga through an adventurous childhood in Iran, whose vast open spaces her mother called 'my spiritual home’. Her engineer father worked on a grand scale, designing and laying roads and railways, and tunnelling through mountain ranges. Then came the invasions of World War II, and the family, half-German, half-Austrian, found themselves on a long voyage to Australia, designated enemy aliens. They were interned for nearly five years in the dusty Victorian countryside. On their release at the end of the War, stranded in Melbourne, they sought another home. The children were dispatched to convents, and at the Academy of Mary Immaculate, Helga found a temporary homeland, in faith. Everyday life in the Australia of the late 1940s and early 1950s is freshly seen by this feisty, loving migrant family. Through their eyes, we encounter a strange place, Australia, as if for the first time. Helga’s development from a thoughtful, sensitive child to a self-possessed young woman, wrestling with her faith and with how to live a decent life, is vividly recounted.

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Translated by Karin Petherick

August Strindberg (1849–1912) kept a diary from February 1896 in Paris until the summer of 1908 in Stockholm. He referred to his diary from this period as his Occult Diary and used it to help him decipher the world as he experienced it. He read and reread his own notations, adding new interpretations, and deleting others. He also drew on the diary as material for creative expression, transforming isolated events and observations into groundbreaking works of literature.

The Occult Diary is published here in its entirety in English translation for the first time, in a final revision by Ann-Charlotte Gavel Adams and with an introduction by Per Stam. The Occult Diary is a key resource for international Strindberg scholars and theater professionals and more broadly for scholars focusing on drama, theater history, stage performance, and literary currents at the turn of the previous century. The diary initiates the reader into the writer’s inner world during a crucial transitional period in his personal and literary life. It documents his readings and observations and gives important clues and information about an ongoing process of artistic reorientation. Strindberg was exploring new ways of looking at, interpreting, and writing about nature, science, art, the occult, and his fellow human beings.

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The reception history of the term autofiction, coined by Serge Doubrovsky in 1977 and strongly polarising since then, shows that autofictional writing has been used by numerous authors in the past decades as a possibility to give explosive insights into their lives on the one hand, but to refer to an indeterminable ""fictional"" part of their work on the other. The underlying interferences between fictional and factual narrative strategies seem to predestine autofiction for the representation and provocation of scandal. This volume brings together contributions that illuminate the relationship between autofiction and scandal from epistemological, literary-historical and reception-aesthetic perspectives and explore ethical questions of the demarcation between public and private space.

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«Caro amico, ti scrivo questa lettera di mia mano»: così affermano gli autori medievali le cui testimonianze sono qui raccolte e analizzate. In un mondo in cui la maggioranza degli intellettuali non scriveva di proprio pugno ma componeva dettando a un segretario, l’ambito epistolare rappresenta uno dei contesti in cui la pratica dell’autografia e la sua rinnovata valorizzazione si svilupparono, anticipando la loro diffusione in età moderna.

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The idea that the digital age has revolutionized our day-to-day experience of the world is nothing new, and has been amply recognized by cultural historians. In contrast, Stephen Robertson’s BC: Before Computers is a work which questions the idea that the mid-twentieth century saw a single moment of rupture. It is about all the things that we had to learn, invent, and understand – all the ways we had to evolve our thinking – before we could enter the information technology revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. Its focus ranges from the beginnings of data processing, right back to such originary forms of human technology as the development of writing systems, gathering a whole history of revolutionary moments in the development of information technologies into a single, although not linear narrative.Treading the line between philosophy and technical history, Robertson draws on his extensive technical knowledge to produce a text which is both thought-provoking and accessible to a wide range of readers. The book is wide in scope, exploring the development of technologies in such diverse areas as cryptography, visual art and music, and the postal system. Through all this, it does not simply aim to tell the story of computer developments but to show that those developments rely on a long history of humans creating technologies for increasingly sophisticated methods of manipulating information.Through a clear structure and engaging style, it brings together a wealth of informative and conceptual explorations into the history of human technologies, and avoids assumptions about any prior knowledge on the part of the reader. As such, it has the potential to be of interest to the expert and the general reader alike.

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"In mechanica Aristotelis problemata exercitationes", scritte da Bernardino Baldi, vengono ristampate – provviste d'introduzione e commento – come quarto volume della collana "Sources" della "Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge", la versione Italiana di "Sources 3". Il volume è disponibile in internet senza limitazioni d'accesso anche come pubblicazione elettronica "open-access" all'indirizzo www.edition-open-access.de.Il testo venne pubblicato nel 1621, quattro anni dopo la morte dell’autore. Questo libro appartiene alla lunga tradizione rinascimentale concernente lo studio dei "Problemi Meccanici" pseudo-aristotelici. A differenza della maggior parte delle altre opere scritte durante il XVI secolo, tuttavia, il testo di Baldi esprime una posizione critica nei confronti dell’approccio teorico presente nelle meccaniche pseudo-aristoteliche. Il testo delle "Exercitationes" mostra una sistematica applicazione dei principi archimedei alla spiegazione delle questioni discusse nei "Problemi Meccanici" e, dunque, illustra chiaramente la struttura a forma di patchwork della meccanica preclassica. Il testo, inoltre, presenta lunghe digressioni che ampliano considerevolmente i confini della meccanica.The "Exercitationes" were first published in 1621, four years after the death of the author. The work belongs to the long tradition of studies on the pseudo-Aristotelian "Mechanical Problems" developed during the Renaissance but, unlike most other works written during the sixteenth century, it takes a critical position against the theoretical approach of the pseudo-Aristotelian text. The "Exercitationes" display a systematic application of Archimedean principles to the explanation of the questions discussed in "Mechanical Problems" illustrating the patchwork character of preclassical mechanics. Moreover, Baldi's work presents lengthy digressions that considerably widen the boundaries of mechanics.

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"In mechanica Aristotelis problemata exercitationes" written by Bernardino Baldi is reprinted with an introduction and commentary as the third volume of the series "Sources of the Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge." The volume is also freely available in electronic form as an open-access publication on the Internet at www.edition-open-access.de.The "Exercitationes" were first published in 1621, four years after the death of the author. The work belongs to the long tradition of studies on the pseudo-Aristotelian "Mechanical Problems" developed during the Renaissance but, unlike most other works written during the sixteenth century, it takes a critical position against the theoretical approach of the pseudo-Aristotelian text. The "Exercitationes" display a systematic application of Archimedean principles to the explanation of the questions discussed in "Mechanical Problems" illustrating the patchwork character of preclassical mechanics. Moreover, Baldi's work presents lengthy digressions that considerably widen the boundaries of mechanics.

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This issue of JKGE is devoted to the specific conditions of educational processes in the pluri-cultural and multilingual regions of Eastern Europe. In the context of globally oriented research on the Enlightenment epoch, issues at the forefront include knowledge diffusion, translation, networking, interferences, asynchronicities, and ambivalences.

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Sometimes tragedies that have little to distinguish them from a wide range of similar events and which can make no claim to record numbers of casualties or destructive impact go down in history as fundamental and emblematic. This is the case of two of the airstrikes discussed in this volume: Barcelona and Dresden. Other tragedies, however, are sometimes obscured by circumstances elsewhere. This is the case of the “other Guernicas”: that is to say, the bombings of Otxandio, Durango and Elorrio in Biscay. They are good examples not only of the brutality inherent in all wars and of how methods of combat become increasingly barbaric as conflicts wear on but also of the way in which some circumstances push events to the forefront of history and make them emblematic.

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For the first time, this book provides the global history of labor in Central Eurasia, Russia, Europe, and the Indian Ocean between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries. It contests common views on free and unfree labor, and compares the latter to many Western countries where wage conditions resembled those of domestic servants. This gave rise to extreme forms of dependency in the colonies, not only under slavery, but also afterwards in form of indentured labor in the Indian Ocean and obligatory labor in Africa. Stanziani shows that unfree labor and forms of economic coercion were perfectly compatible with market development and capitalism, proven by the consistent economic growth that took place all over Eurasia between the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries. This growth was labor intensive: commercial expansion, transformations in agriculture, and the first industrial revolution required more labor, not less. Finally, Stanziani demonstrates that this world did not collapse after the French Revolution or the British industrial revolution, as is commonly assumed, but instead between 1870 and 1914, with the second industrial revolution and the rise of the welfare state.

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For the first time, this book provides the global history of labor in Central Eurasia, Russia, Europe, and the Indian Ocean between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries. It contests common views on free and unfree labor, and compares the latter to many Western countries where wage conditions resembled those of domestic servants. This gave rise to extreme forms of dependency in the colonies, not only under slavery, but also afterwards in form of indentured labor in the Indian Ocean and obligatory labor in Africa. Stanziani shows that unfree labor and forms of economic coercion were perfectly compatible with market development and capitalism, proven by the consistent economic growth that took place all over Eurasia between the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries. This growth was labor intensive: commercial expansion, transformations in agriculture, and the first industrial revolution required more labor, not less. Finally, Stanziani demonstrates that this world did not collapse after the French Revolution or the British industrial revolution, as is commonly assumed, but instead between 1870 and 1914, with the second industrial revolution and the rise of the welfare state.

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Relying on internal sources, Wilfried Loth analyses the birth and subsequent development of the European Union, from the launch of the Council of Europe and the Schuman Declaration until the Euro crisis and the contested European presidential election of Jean-Claude Juncker. This book shines a light on the crises of the European integration, such as the failure of the European Defence Community, De Gaulle`s empty chair policy, or the rejection of the European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, but also highlights the indubitable successes that are the Franco-German reconciliation, the establishment of the European common market, and the establishment of an expanding common currency. What this study accomplishes, for the first time, is to illuminate the driving forces behind the European integration process and how it changed European politics and society.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Select 2018: HSS Backlist Books

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Relying on internal sources, Wilfried Loth analyses the birth and subsequent development of the European Union, from the launch of the Council of Europe and the Schuman Declaration until the Euro crisis and the contested European presidential election of Jean-Claude Juncker. This book shines a light on the crises of the European integration, such as the failure of the European Defence Community, De Gaulle`s empty chair policy, or the rejection of the European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, but also highlights the indubitable successes that are the Franco-German reconciliation, the establishment of the European common market, and the establishment of an expanding common currency. What this study accomplishes, for the first time, is to illuminate the driving forces behind the European integration process and how it changed European politics and society.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Select 2018: HSS Backlist Books

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Esta obra é constituída de onze capítulos sobre os antecedentes indígenas da terra brasilis e seus descobridores, os conflitos iniciais nas tentativas de colonização, o sistema de capitanias hereditárias, as guerras contra os franceses, espanhóis e holandeses, a descoberta das minas, a ocupação do interior (sertão) e a formação das fronteiras do território brasileiro. Os capítulos, desde sua primeira publicação, tornaram-se referência para todos os interessados no estudo do Brasil colonial.

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Nem sempre Marx escreve de pontos de vista convergentes, embora tenha sempre no horizonte a perspectiva da revolução que, assim me parece, lhe permite captar, de forma inovadora, as relações sociais do sistema capitalista e as contradições que as atravessam. Mas isso só lhe é possível porque, em contrapartida, recorre a uma lógica que, pretendendo inverter a lógica hegeliana, sem, entretanto tratar das principais questões levantadas por essa inversão, faz com que possa ir além dos limites postos por uma ciência positiva, a despeito de estar a todo momento reiterando profissão de fé nessa ciência.

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Each interview focuses on the field in which the speaker was most active. The number of interviews in each field reflects its relative importance: three for industry, two for the country side and one each for the shantytowns and the universities. In the case of industry, anything less could scarcely have conveyed the range of views on its key issues, such as workers’ participation: hence the three selected are from the Communist Party, the MAPU and the Socialist Party.

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Cien años de la Primera Guerra Mundial inicia un recorrido por toda la contienda en sus diferentes vertientes, bajo la hipótesis de que dicho conflicto bélico marcaría profunda e irremediablemente el siglo xx y sin el cual tampoco podríamos entender las claves de las principales cuestiones de relaciones internacionales de hoy en día.

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Fundamental contribuição para a história da ciência e das instituições biomédicas no Brasil - apresenta ao leitor cientistas que marcaram época como, por exemplo, o pesquisador Antonio Carini, a quem se deve a descoberta de um parasita causador da pneumonia, denominado Pneumocystis carinii, bastante citado como um microorganismo 'oportunista' em portadores de HIV. O autor constrói seu objeto a partir de fontes praticamente inexploradas: os arquivos do Instituto Pasteur paulista. Além disso, partindo do objeto empírico, talentosamente formula uma interpretação sedutora e convincente, ao discutir questões de sua pesquisa com base em competentes coleta de dados e manipulação de conceitos.

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Clerical Ideology in a Revolutionary Age clearly delineates the role of the Catholic Church in the making of Mexico as a nation. It provides a nuanced sense of clerical thought during the turbulent years leading to and following Mexico's national independence. Connaughton delves deeply into various primary sources from Guadalajara between 1788 and 1853, including printed sermons of high clergymen, contemporaneous newspapers, pamphletry, and pastoral letters. Analyzing this literature in the broader context of the Enlightenment, Connaughton looks at the Enlightenment's potentially corrosive ideas, the rise of liberalism, the complex relationship between Church and State, and the spread of secular mentality. With a balanced approach to clerical discourse, this study of the substance, contradictions, and evolution of Church thinking and political posturing in the face of Bourbon Reforms and the rise of liberalism should be required reading for any student or scholar of Mexican history.

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Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) inicia los Prolegomena de su edición crítica del Código Teodosiano recordándonos que dicha obra -promulgada por el emperador Teodosio II en el año 438- constituye la primera codificación jurídica oficial después de la célebre Ley de las XII Tablas, publicada a mediados del siglo V a.C. Se trata, por tanto, de una de las principales fuentes para el conocimiento del Derecho romano. El presente trabajo pretende exponer los avances de la restauración del texto teodosiano en cada una de las ediciones conocidas, fundamentalmente en las anteriores a Gustav Hänel. Se trata, en definitiva, de que el lector pueda saber lo que se esconde tras una cita del Código Teodosiano en una época concreta. Con este objetivo presento al lector la historia de esta reconstrucción progresiva desde dos ángulos posibles: el primero, el de la tradición manuscrita del Código, considerando sobre todo el aspecto histórico de los códices; y el segundo, el del comentario de las ediciones, desde la primera de 1517 hasta la última e incompleta de Krüger (1926). En consecuencia, podemos hablar de dos partes: una, destinada a ordenar el material manuscrito, que comprende cinco capítulos desarrollados según el sistema de los Prolegomena de Mommsen, monumento de erudición más citado que leído; y otra, que tiene por objeto las ediciones conocidas, en la que, como digo, me detengo más en las ediciones antiguas, menos estudiadas y carentes de prefacios explicativos.

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This volume reconsiders literacy and communication in pre-modern societies, focusing especially on how material form affects the way textual artefacts are understood and interpreted. By bringing together scholars from diverse disciplines such as archaeology, medieval studies, and Islamic studies, this volume provides the specialist and non-specialist with insights on how humans express themselves through writing and material culture.

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The thirteenth volume of Comunicazioni dell’Istituto Papirologico «G. Vitelli» is divided, as was the previous one, into three sections: 1. Editions and rieditions of texts; 2. Critical notes; 3. Chronique de lexicographie papyrologique de la vie matérielle. In the first section there are texts which are being published for the first time or which are subject to a revision and a new edition, both belonging to various collections. This section also includes the exhibition of an exceptional artefact from the Arab period, belonging to the Papyrological Institute «G. Vitelli»’s collection. The second section includes three contributions with careful palaeographic and linguistic observations on literary and documentary texts, and a fourth contribution offering an exhaustive summary of the publication state of an archive from the Institute's collection. Lastly, the third section, as consolidated by the previous volume of the Comunicazioni, collects several findings of the international research project on the lexicography of material culture (Lex.Pap.Mat.), documented in the language of papyri.

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Conquérant la Sicile à partir du milieu du XIe siècle, les Hauteville sont les premiers à mettre en place un gouvernement qui se définit comme chrétien et, au moins en partie, de langue latine, tout en exerçant ses prérogatives sur une population majoritairement musulmane et arabophone. Pour ce faire, ils élaborent progressivement des instruments de gouvernement, mais se font aussi les mécènes d’une production culturelle qui a suscité admiration et commentaires jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Cet ouvrage se présente comme une enquête sur les différentes dimensions du pouvoir des Hauteville de la conquête de la Sicile à la fin du XIIe siècle (politique linguistique, construction d’un État, mécénat, mais aussi contrôle des populations et du territoire). Il vise à dé-mythifier les représentations que l’on a souvent de ce long siècle de « tolérance », mais aussi à déconstruire l’idée que l’échec de la dynastie était écrit d'avance. Il postule néanmoins que la construction « normande » en Sicile demeu
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched OpenEdition Books Select 2018: HSS Backlist Books

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Despite its tensions and contradictions, the various discourses on globalization hint at a desire to build a space and time for encounters between worlds and cultures, through the persistence of a dialogue that shortens the distances, but respects the differences. A considerable part of the political, cultural, urban, linguistic shape of the Western world drew inspirations and solutions from the experience of poleis and cosmopoleis of the Ancient World. On the other hand, mobility may even be perceived as a characteristic feature of Luso_Brazilian culture, from the Portuguese Discoveries and their cultural production in the early stages of Jesuit literature in Brazil, especially in Jos

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The book traces the construction and function of the pirate in transatlantic American literature from the late 17th century to the Civil War, exploring in what ways the cultural imaginary teased out the pirate’s ambivalent potential as a figure of both identification and Othering, and how it has been used to negotiate ideas of legitimacy. The study recasts piracy as a discursive category moving in a continuum between the propagation of (post-)colonial adventure and accumulation on the one hand and critical commentary on exploitation and oppression on the other. Reading piracy narratives as symptomatic of various crisis scenarios in the US context, the book examines how the pirate was imbued with (de)legitimatory meaning during such periods in both elite and popular texts.

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The fourth volume of the J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy series is the result of a multi-day discussion on the issue of cultural heritage under siege. It features an edited collection of papers and discussions by nineteen scholars and practitioners of different specialties in the field of cultural heritage. This paper, along with the other Occasional Papers, is free and downloadable online.

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Das am 27. Februar 1953 unterzeichnete Londoner Schuldenabkommen stellte ein Novum in der Geschichte der internationalen Schuldenregelung dar. Mit ihm wurde die gigantische deutsche Auslandsverschuldung des privaten und öffentlichen Sektors aus der Vor- und Nachkriegszeit geregelt. Als Rechtsnachfolgerin des Deutschen Reiches übernahm die Bundesrepublik die Haftung für die gesamten Vorkriegsschulden des ehemaligen Reichs. Die langwierigen und von zahlreichen Schwierigkeiten durchzogenen Verhandlungen erreichten, dass das Schuldenabkommen dem tatsächlichen Leistungsvermögen der Bundesrepublik angepasst wurde. Mit dem Londoner Schuldenabkommen wurde die Kreditwürdigkeit der jungen Bundesrepublik wiederhergestellt; es war damit eine Conditio sine qua non für die Wiedergewinnung der Souveränität der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

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Als Nicolas Fouquet 1661 über Nacht vom obersten Finanzminister zum ersten Staatsgefangenen wurde, stürzte nicht nur einer der mächtigsten Politiker des Landes, sondern auch der innovativste Mäzen des Grand Siècle. Wie kein anderer hatte es Fouquet verstanden, seine Kunstförderung in den Dienst seiner politischen Karriere zu stellen. Nach dem Sturz Fouquets übernahm Ludwig XIV. nicht nur die Bauherren, Künstler und Poeten seines Finanzministers, sondern auch das in der Schlossanlage Vaux-le-Vicomte verwirklichte Konzept der politischen Selbstinszenierung. Die von Nicolas Fouquet zwischen 1653 und 1661 entwickelte Form der Selbstdarstellung beeinflusste auf diese Weise Frankreich und Europa nachhaltig. Christine Howald stellt das künstlerische Gesamtkonzept von Vaux-le-Vicomte ins Zentrum ihres Buches. Aus diesem Blickwinkel zeichnet die Autorin erstmals das enge Zusammenspiel von Fouquets Mäzenatentum und seiner politischen Laufbahn im Detail nach.

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Der Straßburger Jakobinerclub wurde im Januar 1790 gegründet und im September 1795 per Konventsdekret aufgelöst. Trotz seiner Lage an der Peripherie Frankreichs beschritt auch er den tragischen Weg, der Frankreich von der Revolution für Freiheit und Menschenrechte in die blutige Diktatur führte. Unter den spezifischen kulturellen Bedingungen des Elsaß - geprägt durch Grenzlage, Bikonfessionalität und Bilingualismus - hatte der revolutionäre Prozess dort allerdings ein ganz eigenes Gesicht. Während die enthusiastische Anfangszeit von kultureller Toleranz und Kosmopolitismus geprägt war, bildete sich nach und nach eine auf Einheitlichkeit ausgerichtete Ideologie, die mit Xenophobie, Religions- und in Ansätzen auch Sprachterror einherging. François Furet hat die Genese der Terreur durch verhängnisvolle ideologische Kontinuitäten von 1789 bis 1794 erklärt. Das vorliegende Buch greift diese These kritisch auf und zeigt zum einen, dass es neben Kontinuitäten auch nicht zu vernachlässigende Wandlungsprozesse in der revolutionären Ideologie gab, zum anderen, dass die Triebkräfte derselben in lokalen politischen und soziokulturellen Konflikten zu suchen sind.

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Il volume ricostruisce le tensioni utopiche presenti nel positivismo, proiettate in genere verso descrizioni immaginarie del futuro, partendo dal Sistema di politica positiva di Comte in cui si descrive una società ideale basata sulla collaborazione fra classi diverse. La tentazione di descrivere il futuro in termini di realizzazione della perfezione accomuna molti altri autori vicini al positivismo. Tuttavia il libro evidenzia come le operazioni ucroniche alimentino talvolta un'immagine non fiduciosa, ma anzi preoccupata per le sue conseguenze sulla qualità umane, di un mondo troppo fondato sulla tecnologia e sui valori materiali dello sviluppo economico.

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From consumer products to architecture to advertising to digital technology, design is an undeniably global phenomenon. Yet despite their professed transnational perspective, historical studies of design have all too often succumbed to a bias toward Western, industrialized nations. This diverse but rigorously curated collection recalibrates our understanding of design history, reassessing regional and national cultures while situating them within an international context. Here, contributors from five continents offer nuanced studies that range from South Africa to the Czech Republic, all the while sensitive to the complexities of local variation and the role of nation-states in identity construction.

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This book presents 12 papers about the influences of the classical tradition (Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian mythologies, Greek and Renaissance philosophy, classical theatre, etc.) in Spanish modern and contemporary cultural production, with special focus on literature, popular culture and cinema. Within the wide range of proposed studies, the monograph is divided into three thematic sections. The first unit investigates the subjective poetics in authors who are focused on the theme of exile and on the The Odyssey’s imaginary. After that, the book focuses on the presence of female mythological matrices in the recent Hispanic literature. The last section is devoted to theoretical studies on relations between mythologisation and fictionality in the cultural artifacts of the Hispanic world.

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Die deutsche Kulturpolitik im besetzten Paris 1940-1944 gestaltete sich widersprüchlich. Während sie kurzfristig aus taktischen Gründen der Sicherung von Ruhe und Ordnung das französische Kulturleben aufrecht erhielt, strebte sie langfristig die Verbreitung deutscher Kultur in Frankreich und die Errichtung einer deutschen "kulturellen Hegemonie" in Europa an. Kathrin Engel behandelt neben den Eingriffen der Besatzungsmacht in das französische Film- und Theaterleben schwerpunktmäßig den Versuch, die Franzosen mit Hilfe deutscher Theaterstücke und Filme von einer angeblich höher stehenden deutschen Kultur zu überzeugen. Dem militärischen Sieg über Frankreich sollte gerade in Paris, der Kulturhauptstadt Frankreichs, ein geistig-kultureller Sieg hinzugefügt werden. Die deutsche Kulturpropaganda, die letztlich zu Lasten des französischen Kulturlebens durchgesetzt werden sollte, war Gegenstand intensiver Kompetenzstreitigkeiten der deutschen Dienststellen und Funktionsträger in Berlin und Paris. Obwohl deren Vertreter vor Ort zum Teil erstaunlich autonom handelten, gehört die Vorstellung, im besetzten Paris hätten frankophile deutsche Offiziere eine besonders milde Kulturpolitik betrieben, in das Reich der Legenden. Die deutsche Kulturpolitik im besetzten Paris bildete keineswegs, wie vielfach angenommen, ein mildes Gegengewicht zu einer härteren deutschen Besatzungspolitik. Vielmehr folgte sie, wie diese Studie deutlich macht, der sich im Laufe der Okkupation mehr und mehr verschärfenden allgemeinen Besatzungspolitik.

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Like many young Neapolitan physicians, Giosuè Sangiovanni (1776-1849) was involved in the revolution of 1799. He served in the Guard of the Republic, whose tragic end marked his destiny as an exile and a scientist. Sangiovanni keeps track of this experience in his Diaries (1800-1808), hitherto unpublished, where he notes in a fast and sometimes syncopated way the record of his wanderings in Italy, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Piedmont. There we find not only places, meetings, small events and daily life’s adventures - almost the backbone of the autobiography of an Neapolitan exile - but above all the story of an educational trip. In Paris, thanks to his contact with prominent naturalists of the time, such as Cuvier, Lamarck, Saint-Hilaire, Lacépède, this pupil of Domenico Cirillo’s reaches his scientific maturity and his academic recognition. Sangiovanni’s Diaries end with his final return to Naples, where he, now an advocate of Lamarck’s evolutionary theory, was appointed professor of the first chair of Comparative Anatomy in Italy.

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O Dicionário histórico-social do Oeste catarinense, elaborado por Gentil Corazza e José Carlos Radin, trata de temas relevantes, estreitamente ligados entre si, relacionados à história, sociedade, economia, política e cultura do Oeste catarinense, principalmente do final do século XIX até a atualidade.

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